To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of natural occurrence of BBTV infecting Ensete superbum in India. We thank the Director, National Research Centre for banana, Tiruchirapalli for providing the facilities.
National Center for Biotechnology Information , U. Journal List Indian J Virol v. Indian J Virol. Published online Jan Selvarajan and V. Author information Article notes Copyright and License information Disclaimer. Selvarajan, Phone: , Email: moc. Corresponding author. Received Sep 6; Accepted Dec Open in a separate window. Acknowledgments We thank the Director, National Research Centre for banana, Tiruchirapalli for providing the facilities.
References 1. Dale J. Banana bunchy top, an economically important tropical plant virus. Banana plants which are mature when infected with BBTV may produce fruit but the bunches will be stunted and deformed. Banana plants infected with BBTV rarely produce fruit. If fruit is produced it is small, deformed and unmarketable. BBTV infects cultivated and wild bananas in the Musaceae plant family. BBTV is transmitted from plant-to-plant by the banana aphid Pentalonia nigronervosa.
Long distance spread occurs through the movement of infected planting material. The banana aphid Pentalonia nigronervosa acquires the virus while feeding on the sap of infected plants. The virus can persist in the banana aphid for days.
Banana aphids are small with reddish-brown, oval-shaped bodies. They have two characteristic projections at the rear of the abdomen.
Banana aphids may be found:. BBTV is not transmitted from adult aphids to their offspring. Banana aphids must feed on an infected banana plant to acquire and spread the virus.
It replaces a previous Order, with some amendments. What has changed? This gives greater flexibility for sourcing planting material. Notification of planting is still required but notification of movement of plants is no longer required.
The 31 representative isolates from different geographical locations, as well as, from different varieties were characterized on the basis of full length DNA R and DNA S components Table 1. The first ORF nucleotide encoded the Rep gene of The grouping of the virus isolates used in the current study has been presented in Figs. They showed genetic distance of The second and third cub-clusters grouped with Pakistan isolates.
These findings suggest a possible monophyletic origin of majority of BBTV isolates present in Tripura. The evolutionary history was inferred using the neighbour-joining method. Each sequence is labelled with the GenBank accession number followed by origin and isolate name. Thus, Tripura isolates were more identical with the isolates reported from the rest of India rather than the distinct isolate reported from NE India Meghalaya.
Further comparison showed higher nucleotide variability in Rep gene 0. The Rep gene of those identical isolates showed higher amino acid variability 0. Interestingly, the variant isolates identified from North Tripura and Khowai showed higher nucleotide variability in the intergenic region on an average 6.
Moreover, the Rep gene of those variant isolates from North Tripura and Khowai showed higher nucleotide variability on an average 2. District wise population genetic parameters in each coding region are provided in Supplementary Table 6. Haplotype diversity values were high for both coding regions Rep and CP ranging from 0.
Similarly, both Rep 0. In case of Rep gene, majority of the BBTV population from Tripura showed neutral to positive or diversifying selection pressure, while a negative or purifying selection appeared to be acting on the CP gene except the population from West Tripura Supplementary Table 6. This indicated variable degree of selection pressure depending on the area and coding regions possibly because of the diversity of their functions. Overall results indicated wide spread distribution of BBTD in all parts of Tripura with an average incidence of Three iterated sequences acting as Rep sequence-specific binding motifs, was also found to be present in CR-SL as reported earlier [ 8 ].
The clear cut separation of BBTV isolates into two groups has also been reported by several workers [ 2 , 12 , 20 , 24 , 28 ]. In general, the genetic diversity of BBTV isolates within the country is very low [ 15 ].
The sub-clustering pattern suggested that majority of BBTV population in Tripura perhaps came from a common ancestor that was introduced subsequently to this region from rest part of India and neighboring countries through infected planting materials. Further dissemination of BBTV through infected propagules and spread by the banana aphid vector could be responsible for the genetic homogeneity of the Tripura isolates. Tripura isolates showed on an average It was observed that different selection pressure appears to be acting on coding regions of BBTV population from Tripura as of earlier reports [ 4 , 14 ].
This indicated independent evolution of Rep and CP. Since BBTV is transmitted by aphid in a persistent manner, it is acceptable that such constraint is imposed on the CP gene in order to avoid the accumulation of deleterious mutations that might interfere with the complex virus-vector interactions [ 14 ].
However, the banana germplasm of NE India comprises mostly the hybrids of M. However, the monophyletic origin of majority of BBTV isolates from Tripura indicated introduction and expansion of PIO isolates from other parts of India, as well as, from neighbouring countries Bangladesh, Myanmar.
According to the information collected from the local farmers during survey, most of the cultivars of banana existing in Tripura are also cultivated in bordering Bangladesh. This work is partially carried out under M. The authors are thankful to Dr. Satish Chandra, Dr. Behere and Dr. Rajesh for their critical suggestions during the work.
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Search articles by 'Amrita Banerjee'. Banerjee A 2. Affiliations 1 author 1. Share this article Share with email Share with twitter Share with linkedin Share with facebook. During , diagnostic surveys were conducted in seven districts of Tripura and polymerase chain reaction based detection established that BBTD is widely prevalent in all parts of Tripura showing an average incidence of Free full text.
Published online May 2. PMID: Tanmoy Das 1 and Amrita Banerjee 2, 3. Author information Article notes Copyright and License information Disclaimer. Amrita Banerjee, Phone: , Email: ni. Corresponding author.
Received Jan 27; Accepted Apr 3. Go to:.
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